Treaties: Europe

Cuius regio, eius religio, rulers choose the religion of their lands, Lutheranism legalized alongside Catholicism. The peace...

Granted Huguenots, French Protestants, freedom of conscience, worship rights in specified towns, fortified safe cities, civil...

Torstenson War ended, Denmark ceded Jämtland, Härjedalen, Gotland, Ösel, and Halland for 30 years, never returned. The first...

The treaties of Osnabrück and Münster ended the Thirty Years War and the Eighty Years War between Spain and the Dutch. It...

Charles X Gustav crossed the frozen Belts, one of history great military feats, and dictated terms, Skåne, Blekinge, Halland...

Cardinal Mazarin and Luis de Haro negotiated on Pheasant Island in the Bidasoa, ending 24 years of Franco-Spanish war. France...

First major Ottoman territorial cession to Christian powers, most of Hungary and Transylvania to the Habsburgs, Morea to Venice...

Ended the War of the Spanish Succession. Philip V kept the Spanish throne but renounced any claim to the French throne, forever...

The peace that closed the Great Northern War after 21 years. Sweden ceded Estonia, Livonia, Ingria and part of Karelia to Russia...

Ended the war of 1768 to 1774, Russia gained Azov, Kerch, Black Sea fleet rights, Kabardia, and the protectorship over Ottoman...

The short peace that paused the revolutionary wars. Britain returned most colonial conquests, kept Ceylon and Trinidad, and...

Signed in the Finnish war after the Russian occupation of Finland, it ceded Finland and the Aland islands to Alexander I, who had...

Napoleonic endgame, Denmark punished for loyalty to France, Norway transferred from Danish to Swedish crown. Norwegians declared...

The five powers recognized independent Belgium and guaranteed its perpetual neutrality, closing the London Conference that had...

Richard Cobden and Michel Chevalier negotiated the pact that dropped tariffs between the two old rivals and attached a most...

Bismarck hosted the powers revising San Stefano, clipping Big Bulgaria, the Russian creation, back to a small principality...

The alliance system built by Bismarck bound the Central Powers in a defensive pact renewed every five years. Italy joined partly...

The settlement that ended centuries of colonial rivalry: Britain recognized French primacy in Morocco, France recognized the...

Ended the First Balkan War, Ottoman Europe reduced to a strip behind the Enos Midia line, Albania created at Austrian Italian...

Punished Bulgaria for attacking its former allies, stripping most San Stefano gains, Dobruja to Romania, Macedonia split Greece...

Lenin new government exited World War One, ceding Poland, Baltic states, Finland, Ukraine, and more, a third of Russia population...

Ended World War One with Germany. War guilt clause 231 assigned sole responsibility, reparations set at 132 billion gold marks...

Dissolved Austria Hungary, recognizing Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Polish and Romanian gains. Austria was forbidden...

Hungary lost 72 percent of its territory and 64 percent of its population, with 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians under foreign rule...

Ended the Polish Soviet War, setting the Polish Soviet border roughly 200 kilometers east of the Curzon Line. Poland retained...

Guaranteed Germany western borders with France and Belgium, Britain and Italy as guarantors, but left eastern borders open to...

Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri settled the Roman Question after 59 years of standoff between the Italian state and the popes...

Chamberlain and Daladier conceded the Czechoslovak Sudetenland to Hitler without Czech representation, peace for our time...

Molotov and Ribbentrop signed non-aggression with secret protocols dividing Poland, the Baltics, Bessarabia, and Finland into...

The military alliance Ribbentrop and Ciano signed in Berlin, binding Germany and Italy to immediate joint war, the name suggested...

The communist response to West German NATO accession, a collective defense treaty binding Eastern Europe to Moscow. In practice...

Created the European Economic Community, the common market, and Euratom. The six Inner Six abolished tariffs between them over a...

Brussels institutional consolidation merging the EEC, Euratom, and ECSC executives into a single Commission and Council. It...

Signed by every European state except Albania, plus the United States and Canada, the act of the Conference on Security and...

France, Germany, and Benelux agreed to abolish internal border checks, implemented 1995, absorbed into EU law by Amsterdam 1997...

First major revision of Rome, launched the Single Market program by 1992, 300 directives removing physical, technical, and fiscal...

Created the European Union, the three pillars structure, and the euro path. EU citizenship established, foreign policy and...

Ukraine surrendered the world third largest nuclear arsenal, 1,900 strategic warheads, for security assurances, respect...

Ended the Bosnian War, 100,000 dead, at Wright Patterson Air Force Base after Holbrooke shuttle diplomacy. Bosnia Herzegovina...

Ended the Troubles after 30 years and 3,500 deaths. Power sharing executive, cross border institutions, principle of consent, NI...

Rescued the constitution after French and Dutch rejections, repackaged reforms without the symbols. Created President of the...

Boris Johnson deal, replacing Theresa May backstop, created the Northern Ireland Protocol border in the Irish Sea, left NI in UK...