Budapest Memorandum
About the Budapest Memorandum
Ukraine surrendered the world third largest nuclear arsenal, 1,900 strategic warheads, for security assurances, respect sovereignty, no coercion, from the three signatories in exchange. Belarus and Kazakhstan similar. Russia 2014 Crimea annexation and 2022 full invasion shattered the assurances, proving a memorandum worth less than a treaty or NATO membership. Ukraine lesson, denuclearization for paper promises, shadows every nonproliferation debate, Iran, North Korea cite it.
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