Treaty of Nanjing
About the Treaty of Nanjing
Ended the First Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties. China ceded Hong Kong Island, opened five treaty ports, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai, and paid 21 million silver dollars indemnity. Fixed tariffs ended Chinese control of trade. It began the century of humiliation narrative in Chinese memory, foreign enclaves, extraterritoriality, and the eventual fall of the Qing. Hong Kong return in 1997 closed this chapter.
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